An age-grouped collection of games and activities for practising working memory, inhibitory control and flexible thinking, with adults gradually adjusting their help.
Teens, 12–18 years
Teenagers move toward a more mature sense of who they are, separate from their parents, and turn more to friends - while their brains keep maturing into their 20s.MedlinePlus (US National Library of Medicine) · Adolescent development ↗
What your child is developing
Thinking and learning
- Early teens often think in black-and-white terms; by the middle teens, abstract thinking grows.American Academy of Pediatrics · Stages of adolescence ↗
- The frontal lobes, which handle impulse control and complex decisions, keep maturing until well into the 20s.American Academy of Pediatrics · Stages of adolescence ↗
Identity
- It is normal to start separating from parents and forming their own identity; this can bring conflict.MedlinePlus (US National Library of Medicine) · Adolescent development ↗
Social and emotional
- Friends become more important, and peer pressure may peak in the middle teens.American Academy of Pediatrics · Stages of adolescence ↗
Feelings
- Body changes make many teens self-conscious and worried about how they compare with peers.MedlinePlus (US National Library of Medicine) · Adolescent development ↗
- Pre-teens feel a growing need for privacy and may push back strongly against limits.American Academy of Pediatrics · Stages of adolescence ↗
The research behind it
Start with the finding, then check the study type, source and limits. We select research by topic; a programme’s overall effect does not establish the effect of each activity.Long-term studies show identity develops gradually through adolescence and into adulthood, and is a less turbulent process than often assumed. Teens with a more settled identity tend to be better adjusted and to live in warm families.
Using data on more than 350,000 adolescents, the study found that digital technology use explained at most 0.4% of the variation in well-being - a negative but very small association on average.
A review of 49 studies covering 50 interventions and 23,098 participants aged 2–17 found that several approaches can support self-regulation. Programmes and outcome measures differed substantially.
Idea roots
Educators whose ideas connect to this stage. Open one to see what modern research supports and what it does not.What you can do together
- Help your teen set a goal that matters to them, plan the steps, and check progress along the way.Harvard Center on the Developing Child · Activities for adolescents ↗
- Encourage talking themselves through tricky situations to manage impulses.Harvard Center on the Developing Child · Activities for adolescents ↗
- Support volunteering on a cause they care about.Harvard Center on the Developing Child · Activities for adolescents ↗
- Agree screen and phone rules together, including protecting sleep.American Psychological Association, 2023
Selected resources for this stage
Start with one resource that fits your needs. Classic readings are for caregivers to reflect on, not a required reading list for children.
Guidance on structured parenting interventions to reduce maltreatment and harsh parenting, strengthen parent–child relationships, and prevent emotional and behavioural problems.
A collection of parenting programmes and materials, including resources for families with children aged 2–9 and young people aged 10–17. It focuses on relationships and preventing violence.
A classic reflection on education that challenges “inert ideas”: knowledge received but never used, tested or connected with experience. This introduction draws on a scholarly account of the book.
An essay in Montaigne’s Essays that asks education to develop judgement through conversation, experience and examining ideas, rather than reward the repetition of other people’s words.
Free tools for this age
How we choose toolsHealth and safety essentials
- Mental health of adolescents (WHO fact sheet) · World Health Organization
- Health advisory on social media use in adolescence · American Psychological Association
- Social Media and Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory · US Surgeon General
- Physical Development in Girls: What to Expect During Puberty · American Academy of Pediatrics
- Physical Development in Boys: What to Expect · American Academy of Pediatrics
- Vaccines and immunization ↗ · World Health Organization
- Safety and prevention ↗ · American Academy of Pediatrics
Further reading
Classic parenting books with a note on the evidence. Links go to publisher details and library holdings (WorldCat). No affiliate links.Evidence: Applies the same workshop-based techniques to teenagers. Evidence level: expert opinion.
Evidence: A psychiatrist's account of the teenage brain for parents and teens. Evidence level: expert opinion.