Parenting resources with sources · Ages 0–18
144–215 months · Last updated 14 Nov 2026

Teens, 12–18 years

Teenagers move toward a more mature sense of who they are, separate from their parents, and turn more to friends - while their brains keep maturing into their 20s.MedlinePlus (US National Library of Medicine) · Adolescent development ↗

  1. 1 · What your child is developing
  2. 2 · What you can do together
  3. 3 · Health and safety essentials
1

What your child is developing

Thinking and learning

Identity

Social and emotional

Feelings

When to talk to a doctor: Know the signs of anxiety and depression, and get help early if mood or behaviour changes last.World Health Organization

The research behind it

Start with the finding, then check the study type, source and limits. We select research by topic; a programme’s overall effect does not establish the effect of each activity.
  • Long-term studies show identity develops gradually through adolescence and into adulthood, and is a less turbulent process than often assumed. Teens with a more settled identity tend to be better adjusted and to live in warm families.

    ReviewMeeus, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2011Study details
  • Using data on more than 350,000 adolescents, the study found that digital technology use explained at most 0.4% of the variation in well-being - a negative but very small association on average.

    Large dataset analysisOrben & Przybylski, Nature Human Behaviour, 2019Study details
  • A review of 49 studies covering 50 interventions and 23,098 participants aged 2–17 found that several approaches can support self-regulation. Programmes and outcome measures differed substantially.

    Meta-analysisPandey A, Hale D, Das S, Goddings AL, Blakemore SJ, Viner RM, 2018Study details

Idea roots

Educators whose ideas connect to this stage. Open one to see what modern research supports and what it does not.
2

What you can do together

Selected resources for this stage

Start with one resource that fits your needs. Classic readings are for caregivers to reflect on, not a required reading list for children.

Practical resource Evidence: Expert opinion 6 months–18 years
Executive function activities, from infancy to adolescence

An age-grouped collection of games and activities for practising working memory, inhibitory control and flexible thinking, with adults gradually adjusting their help.

Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University2014
Practical resource Evidence: Expert opinion Ages 2–18
Parenting for Lifelong Health: family materials and programmes

A collection of parenting programmes and materials, including resources for families with children aged 2–9 and young people aged 10–17. It focuses on relationships and preventing violence.

WHO and Parenting for Lifelong Health partnersProgramme collection; editions vary
Classic reading Evidence: Expert opinion Ages 6–18
The Aims of Education: Whitehead on knowledge and life

A classic reflection on education that challenges “inert ideas”: knowledge received but never used, tested or connected with experience. This introduction draws on a scholarly account of the book.

Alfred North Whitehead1929
Classic reading Evidence: Expert opinion Ages 6–18
Montaigne: understanding and judgement, not just recitation

An essay in Montaigne’s Essays that asks education to develop judgement through conversation, experience and examining ideas, rather than reward the repetition of other people’s words.

Michel de Montaigne16th-century essay; Cotton/Hazlitt English edition
3

Health and safety essentials

Sleep in 24 hours8–10 hoursAASM 2016
Physical activity60 min a day, moderate to vigorousWHO 2020

Further reading

Classic parenting books with a note on the evidence. Links go to publisher details and library holdings (WorldCat). No affiliate links.