Parenting resources with sources · Ages 0–18

Erik Erikson

1902–1994 · Germany and United States

Psychoanalyst whose 1950 book Childhood and Society set out his theory of psychosocial development.Encyclopaedia Britannica · Childhood and Society ↗

Core ideas

What it means for parents today: Teens trying out new ideas and friendships is part of building who they are. A warm home helps.Meeus, 2011

What modern research supports

  • Identity does develop gradually through adolescence, and teens with a more settled identity tend to be better adjusted.Meeus, 2011

What is outdated or needs correcting

  • Identity formation is less of a dramatic "crisis" than often assumed; many teens change little.Meeus, 2011

Read the originals free

The original works are still under copyright, or we found no legal free copy, so we do not link one.

We link only public-domain or officially free copies, such as Project Gutenberg, the Internet Archive and Wikisource.

Age stages that draw on these ideas

Other educators:ConfuciusJean-Jacques RousseauFriedrich FroebelMaria MontessoriJohn DeweyCai YuanpeiJean PiagetLev VygotskyTao Xingzhi